Detail: Corinthian capital of a column of the former conch (Aleppo, Madrasa al-Hallawiyya)

Detail of capital

Afamiya, Remains of the Great Colonnade

Afamiya, Remains of the Great Colonnade

Monastery of St. Simeon Stylites, late 5th-early 6th c., Exterior of sanctuary of east basilica (apse from exterior)

Monastery of St. Simeon Stylites, late 5th-early 6th c., Exterior of sanctuary of east basilica (apse from exterior)

Archaeological finds from Raqqa, exhibited in the Damascus National Museum

Archaeological finds from Raqqa, exhibited in the Damascus National Museum

Archaeological finds from Raqqa, exhibited in the Damascus National Museum

Archaeological finds from Raqqa, exhibited in the Damascus National Museum

Archaeological finds from Raqqa, exhibited in the Damascus National Museum

Archaeological finds from Raqqa, exhibited in the Damascus National Museum

Afamiya, twisted and fluted columns of the central section of the Great Colonnade

Afamiya, twisted and fluted columns of the central section of the Great Colonnade

Raqqa, "East of Raqqa" site - Western Palace, vegetable stucco ornaments

Raqqa, “East of Raqqa” site – Western Palace, vegetable stucco ornaments

Raqqa - "East of Raqqa" site - Western Palace - vegetable stucco ornaments

Raqqa – “East of Raqqa” site – Western Palace – vegetable stucco ornaments

View into the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Hama

View into the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Hama

Damage pattern, corrosion of an iron connector led to cracks and outburst, Acropolis, Athens

Fig. 24, Catalogue of Damage

Al-Madrasa al-Hallawiyya, Corinthian capital

Al-Madrasa al-Hallawiyya, Corinthian capital

Umayyad Mosque, the famous golden mosaic of the facade of the prayer hall overlooking the courtyard

Umayyad Mosque, the famous golden mosaic of the facade of the prayer hall overlooking the courtyard

Remains of two-storey building, Sirjilla

Remains of two-storey building, Sirjilla

ar-Rusafa, North Gate of the city wall, interior

ar-Rusafa, North Gate of the city wall, interior

Twisted column - The Great Colonnade at Afamiya

Twisted column – The Great Colonnade at Afamiya

View from the west, courtyard of Umayyad Mosque

View from the west, courtyard of Umayyad Mosque

Afamiya, remains of the Great Colonnade (Cardo Maximus)

Afamiya, remains of the Great Colonnade (Cardo Maximus)

Monastery of St Simeon, Corinthian capitals decorated with wavy acanthus leaves

Monastery of St Simeon, Corinthian capitals decorated with wavy acanthus leaves

Sacrophagi decorated with sculptures of the dead

Sacrophagi decorated with sculptures of the dead

Raqqa - "East of Raqqa" site - Western Palace - finds

Raqqa – “East of Raqqa” site – Western Palace – finds

Dayr Zakka (monastery), floor mosaic of the narthex

Dayr Zakka (monastery), floor mosaic of the narthex

Dayr Zakka (monastery), floor mosaic of the narthex (in situ)

Dayr Zakka (monastery), floor mosaic of the narthex (in situ)

Afamiya, Architectural component with showing ionic elements

Afamiya, Architectural component with showing ionic elements

Jamiʿ al-Utrush, prayer hall

Jamiʿ al-Utrush, prayer hall

Citadel of Aleppo, general view of the Throne Hall

Citadel of Aleppo, general view of the Throne Hall

ar-Rusafa -interior view- North Gate of the basilica

ar-Rusafa -interior view- North Gate of the basilica

Archaeological finds from Raqqa, exhibited in the Damascus National Museum

Archaeological finds from Raqqa, exhibited in the Damascus National Museum

Jamiʿ at-Tawashi, east facade - one of the two columns which frame a window

Jamiʿ at-Tawashi, east facade – one of the two columns which frame a window

Bab Qinnasrin (city gate), exterior view of the gate from south-west

Bab Qinnasrin (city gate), exterior view of the gate from south-west